Target-practice apparatus.



"HQ H; CUMMINGS. TARGT PRACTICE APPARATUS. APPLIOATION FILED SEPT. 24, 1906.

Patented Se t. 17,1912.

3 SHEETS-SHEET l.

H. H. CUMMINGS.

TARGET PRACTICE APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED SEPT. 24, 1906.

1,038,728. Patented Sept. 17,1912.

3 SHEBTS-SHEET 2.

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% V B) I, I

H. H. CUMMINGS.

TARGET PRACTICE APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED SEPT. 24, 1906.

1,038,728, Patented Sept. 17,1912.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

&

' Be it known. that I,

UNITED-STATES PATENT onnIoE;

- Kama .1 11; cumumos, or zmwron, unssncnusms, Assnmon, BY unszm nssmmmn'rs, TO a'rLnm'x'c NATIONAL BANK, or raovmnncn, nuonn ISLAND, a oonrom'rrou or nrronn ISLAND.

f p v 'IAIGE'IY- BZILACTICE APPARATUS.

Toall whom; it maycoacem; HENRY H2. Cumi- MINGB, a citizen oii the United States, and a resident of Newton, in the countyof Mid dlesex, Stateof- Massachusetts, have invent .ed an Improvement in. Target-Practice Apparatus, oi which the following description,

1 1n connection with the accompanyingdraw- Q intended. for use more particularly with ings, is a 'specifi,cation, like drawing representinglike parts.

My'lIIVGIItIOILIGlEtQS to practice apparatus heavy ordnance, such. for example as naval guns of either small or large caliber, al- 1 though useiul application thereof may be made in. connection. with. firewarms of otherv kinds. or foraothet purposes.

Primarily my invention, has for its ob ject theprbduction' of an accurate record. or

iridication'of the aim of a gun or other mg device without necessary issuance t any y My invention W1 ment thereof, while its scope will .be more particularly pointed. out in the. appended claims.

In the drawings-, liigure 1 shows in per spective, and. more or less diagrammatically, I

the recording devices; as welleas their-coltnections to. the several. other; Fig. 2 is a side e evation of a por-- tion of a battle-ship showing one arrangemeat of the various stations; 3 is an enlarged view in side elevation 0 the sub.-

target holder and recordingfneedle forone of the individual guns; Fig, 4 is a: section inv (plan.v on! the; line H, Fig. 3;. Fig. 5, is an en elevation of the target-nnage projecting apparatus shown in Fig. 1; Fig; 6. is a side vation partially in section of the same apparatus; Figs 7 and 8 are transverse see tions'; taken through the projecting tube and showing the :interior cadjnstable screens; Fig. "9 is. a central vertical sect1on, partly broken away, on an enlarged scale taken through-the target holder; Fig. l0v is a sec-' tional plan'view showing. the mounting of the recording needle, and Fi'gll shows the attachment providing for a delayed recorchf etters on. the

un's. and to. each Patented Se t. 17, 1912. Ber1nl1 Io. 338,591.

tion 11' have shownyone-formof the same a pliedto-zthe main batte'ryof a battle-ship such. batterybeing represented in. the dia Tg'rammatic view shown in Fi .1 by the two ,msat andwb, which are su 'cient to show 7 e principles of my invention and/render apparent ItS'GXl' GIISlOH to other guns of the battery. I

It willbe evident that the principles of individual units, or to individual units oifa battery and without reierence to the remainunits thereof, so that a record or indiaccuratelyv made, but in the illustrativeemshown to. a battery in such fashion that, not

yidualf units. be, secured, but collective or average records or indications of the battery asa' whole be obtained when the bathart ;1 isused for broadside firing. f5 Fig. 1,; the guns a. andbmay sultableyor usual construction, and are herein, shown merely. as conventional representations of heavy. ordnance units. As. will with means tor presenting: a tar etwvithin the range of gun sight at] which. t e marksman may. aim In; order to simulate the conditions which pertain upon a floating .Yesspl there is here produced ebetween the line of; gun sight and the, target a relatively undulato'ry, or up and down, movement, which presents to the marksman the same conditions asdoes the up, and down or swaying movement of the gun with. reference to a natural or actual. target, such. as a distant vess'el' u on which the gun is. mounted.

target, as the marksman. views it, advances or travels justas would a distant target appear to doflin actual practice, simulating therefore, either movement of the gun. sup.- port or movement of the target itse f.

my-in vention. may be applied to. detached or I h described embodiment of my inven- I igt 2), such. battery comprising the guns a, b,;c andd, eta, shown in Fig. 2-, and

..cation of, the aim of a single gun may be 7O .bodiment of the invention its application is be ofany ship, due to-v the pitching or tossing of the only may records. of the aimof the indi- .mprg .fully appear, each gun is provided Such un ulatory movement of the target may be,and preferably is supplementedby 'a; progressive or advancing movementv rela- Itiv'ely to. the line. of gun sight, so that the on the remaining guns of the battery) there upright ground portion and horizontal and I This is. I carriedat the end of an arm a projecting.

i gun, to which the arm is removably secured. as by a tampion entering the gun muzzle. The ground of the screen box is preferably;

Any suitable means may be employed for presenting: to the marksman the target at which aim is to be taken, but,'in the present I instance, I preferably employ an optical ap- 'paratus for projecting a target-ima'ge upori is provided in front'of each gun a screen af v whlch may be of any construction and may be supported in any desired way, but which hereinv is of a box-like form haiving an vertical sides to shade the same.

forwardly from beneath the muzzle of the I blackened or darkened, so that-by projecting a suitably shaped beam of light against the darkened upright screen-walls a target image, as a may be presented to the view of the gunner. The arm a being remova-.

ble, the screen may be readily applied to the gun," and when in position is available for use in whatever direction the gun is turned. At some suitable location and preferably as shown over the upright axis about which the guns turn there is supported!" (Figs l, 5, and 6) suitable apparatus for projecting upon the screen a." an app'ropri-i ately formed target-image. In the draw-. ings such image projecting apparatus com.= prises a cylindrical tube a? havlng'thelenses a and a and an intermediate image form v or other source of light being arrange behind; thelens es a a beam of light is cast upon; the distant screen where it stands out clearly against the The form of the target-image mayabel made anything desired by changmg the im-@ age forming screen within the tube a. For example, it may be made to assume the out-@ line of a ship, war vessel or other object in: simulation of actual practice. In the present case, aplainrectangular image is pro ing screen. An incandescent lam a arkened background.

duced by adjacent pairs of plates a a and.

a", a, slightly separated, each along diame-' ters at right angles to each other, so that all the rays of light except those forming a' beam of rectangular cross-section are out ofi". These plates are carried by adjustingv screws 0 so that they may be separate by a greater or less distance and the dimensions of the target-image varied. The image-projecting apparatus a. may be termed an aim-fixing means in that it is spindle instrumental in producing or presenting 'an image or objecton which the marksman may attempt to fix his aim. 9

In order to produce the undulatory movement between the. target and the gun, the tube a is mounted upon horizontal.- trim.- nions or pivots in the forked holder Ew -so, that any desired undulatory movement may he given the target-image by the corresponding undulatory movement of the tube. To obtain the progressive movement of the target the forked holder at has an upright a journaled in the overhead bracket a, so that it can be turned about an upright axis while secured to the ceiling or other support above the gun. It therefore follows that the tube may be adyanced laterally and at the same time given a sway ing or undulatory movement up and down' with the result of causing theimage both to advance and undulate, the gunner there tions when he attempts to sight at the target and keep the same covered. In short, by imparting the desired movement to the tube in the two coordinate and right angled planes and resultant movement of the target can. be secured. Although any suitable means may be used for imparting these movements to the tube a llhave herein shown devices which are operated from ya relatively dis? tant station through suitable power-transmitting means. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention suchpower-transmitting means comprises a pair of operating cylinders provided each with its contained piston and arrangedoneat the distant.sta-;

tion and one at the tube. These cylinders are connected y pipesfilled with liquid," such as oil alco 01 or the like,'a'nd are so arranged that movement of the piston at the distant station causes similar andcor respondingmovement of the piston at the tube through the pressure-actuated movement of the liquid.

Referring to Figs. 1, 5 and. 6, there are provided at each tube a pair of cylinders,

one of which a has its piston and pistonrod a connected directly to oneend of the tube This 0 linder is mounted upon trunnions in the orked holder a and when its piston is reciprocated the tube is caused to undergo a corresponding undulatory movement. The otheror transverse cylinder a has its piston-rod connected to an arm a", the latter being attached to the upright spindle a. The pistons within the respective cylinders 29 and a, as will more clearly. appear, are caused tomove harmoniously with distant but corresponding pistons. Associated with each gun is suitable appa-' ratus for recording or indicating (or both) the aim of the gun taken at the moving tar get. The illustrated apparatus comprises an indicating or recording member such as a needleor ptiinte'r and a reference obiect' suchas a sub orsecondarytarget 'orthe' ike between which andtheneedle relative mov e-i ment "takes place thro h suitable connec tionsbetween the recor ing apparatusand the gun and the reccrding apparatus and "the target. These connections act tomaintain atall times-between the sub-target or reference object and the needle point the 'same relative position which is maintained -laetween the main targetcr target-image -and the line of gum-sight. I I More particularly "in the present instance; there is provided a secondarytargetcarried? in a holder and having imprinted thereon. thesame-outline as is presented'by the tang get-image. This target holder is given af swinging movement relatively to theneedle; both 'undula-tory and advancing to cone-.j 208130116. with the movement of the target-i image. .The -'needle1 is fulcrumed upon theholder and its shank is caused to move inf; cdrrespondenc'e. with deviations of the linev of :gun sight. It the gun, therefore, remains'fixed or it the'gunner fails tofollow and keep covered 'thet-arget-image, the nee-E tile remains fixed or has an inadequate-I movement and" crum'cau'ses the needle point to swee across; the face ofthe sub-target in just to same; way that the line of gun sight seems to the? gunner to sweep across 'ormove relatively? to the target-imagen' the other hand, if

' the gunner keeps the target-image covered; the needle shank is then so moved thatthe? needle point continues to cover the corre-i spondingposition onthe sub-target.- 1

' Referring more particularl to Figs. 1, 3i and 4, there is provided the needle a which may be-used either as an indicator or as a recorder, aid needle being pivotally'mount ed for swinging movement in the rectangular frame-a '(Fig-. The Harris a? in turn is pivotally mounted about an axis at night angles to the needle ivo't in the forked bracket a carried at tli end of the forked arm a; The needle, therefore, 'is' mounted forluniversal movement withinthe" forked bracket and about two intersecting fianesasdesoribed; "I 1 The arm or? underlying portion. prolonged beneath the needle and. rovi'ded with upturned-came havingsstu s a, by ineansot which it is pivotally mounted fOIf: rocking movement "cm the r The "latter 1 in turn is provided alonga di-Z ameberat ri'ght' angles; to the pivots =11 with f 'a' pivotal connection a",to the pair of bra'ck-; vets-a ,thevlatter secured to aifixed object; sueh as an adjacent. wall Thehorizontallyj mprolonged portion of the holder him 1; carries a centrally arrangednpright sup-' V port a, upon the flat top ot which 1S'Pljt1CBd;

v thefsub-target repre'sented'by'q"andheld Jg athereon immediately beneath ,ithe' needle" i *sgceame and bone 1 target is ovement of thev needleful-fl in support a". J

pointri lled trell arranged upon the su "-target is the resta"=having one'or more depending istons a", (two of which are. shown-on= i ormore-cylindrical pockets and at the time :of simulated firing liquid pressure beings-dmitted "to one on'moreo the pockets, the corresponding piston israised forcing the a permanent record of the-aim. The sub- Sreferably held in. some positive holder su' as provided by the carefully adjusted'flanged clips 1- so'that after use it mayibe replaced by another of the same size 'WhR-Zh later will -be brought with certainty int-he mmeirehtion to needle point.

It will be'eeenthat the target holder, as described, is adapted to have: a rocking movement in direction aboutthe studs 1 xi andtrnnsversely thereto about'the piv- 'otal connections a. Since the needleis ful- --orumed* upon the holder arm a", ifits shank :is held fixed, the needle point will sweep and oscillate across the face of thetarget as 'theholder is rocked.

In brderto-ctruse relative movement fbet'ween th'e'needle. point and the target similar to the relative movement between the target-image and the-gun, there are ro- "15 vided-conne'ctionsfor oscillating the ho der harmoniously with the image projecting apparatus; The holder ring is therefore provided with a depending arm a, the lower end of which-is connected with a iston-rod :m'o and piston controlled by the cyinder a", This :c'ylinder,-as will be more fully described, has. connection through the pipe afwit-hone end of the cylinder a control-a ling the undulatory movement of the tube r105 aythereby causing the holder to swing or move harmoniously with the tube. At right 5 angles-to the c linder a "there is also provided-a cylinder affithc piston-rod ofwhich is connected to the upright holder arm a", 3-10 The cylinder ,a is connected; by the pipe 1a with the'traversing cylinder a at the target apparatus, so that the advancing movement oi 'the;target-image I is "followed :pQlHll across the suh-target face. i

, Reference is now being had to the fol; lower devices which'engage with the needle and so move the latter as to vcause its oint to indicate the Iaiming movements of thegun relatively t0 the target. These} com- 1 prise a pair of "relatively fixed cylinders a? and a adjacent the'gun and a -correspending p'air-of c linders a" and a" adjac'ent-the needle. which are arranged in twocoordinate planes, are each provided with pistons connected re: ispectiv'ely'to the knife ed es a and a fresting against the side-an bottom Walls rethe position of the su g. 9.). The pistons work in one target against the needle point and'making m by the advancing movementof theneedletns he cylinders a and a f QZS against the same, as by the springs a and? a, so that they are caused to follow at all times the movement -thereof' The needle cylinders a and a are also provided with piston rods and closely adjacent knife edges (Z and a, against which latter the needle. shank'is drafwn by the spring a. v The cylinder a is connected wlth the cylinder of; by the pipe connection a and the cylinder} gm a with the cylinder a? by the pipe connection a, the connections, as will be more fully explained, acting in such fashion that if the gun is swung in one direction, for ere; ample, to the right (Fig. 1), and the piston;

5 for the cylinder a moved in, the piston for the needle cylinder at moves out and the;

knife edge forces the shank of the needlef, farther away from the cylinder, thus tend-i u ing to swing the needle point across the face; -go'of the sub-target in the same direction as is the swing of the gun relatively to the main; target. Likewise, if the gun is raised, the; knife edge a follows, drawing the piston in; the cylinder a forward, this in turn actingl to retract the needle knife edge a and: 'swingthe point ofthe needle upward across the face of the secondary target. It will? t-herefore' be seen that the swinging of the: holder harmoniously withthe movement of;

so the target-im age tends to displacethe needle point relatively to the sub-target by the same angular amount thatthe line of gun sight is displaced from the target,- but, if the gun is simultaneously adjusted to follow the moving target, the needle shank is then moved in' correspondence to correct for the displacement of the needle point and the latter indicates with reference to the sub-target the line of-guh sight with reference to the 40 main target or target-image. When the gunner is ready forsimulated firing he presses the bulba which in actuali COIlStIIlCtlOIliS nearby his position. This bulb hasconnection with a liquid'filled pipe in a leading (Fig. 9) to the ppcket beneath one of the pistons a in the sub' arget holder. The pipe a and the pocket eingnormally filled with liq'uidtpressure on the bulb effects the instantaneous j elevation of; 50. the rest a, forcingthe sub-target against. the needle point and leaving a permanent; record of the aim thereon. a i I This apparatus lends itself quite readily? b to the practice. of broadside firing of a num-f her: or "of all the guns of'a battery at-or about, the same instant. For this purpose bouncetions may be provided leading to a central-f station, such as station C, (Fig. 2)Iin the:

conningv tower of the ship and at this station} may be positioned the'cflicer in charge of the firing. In the present instance I have provided means at the directing station for simultaneously and similarly controlling the movements of the targets at the several guns and for recording under .a-given signalthe average of the records of the several same general constructioir(exceptas noted) as already described in connection withthe min a. The'holder arm 0 however, is provided with a handled, by means of which the otlic'er can swing the holder '0 about I its pivotal connections 2 thus giving the same a movement which corresponds to the gradual advance of the target. The cylinder 0, to the piston-rod of which is at- 'tached theholder arm 621, has pipe'connections with the said severah corresponding cylinders of the individual guns, as follows: The rear'of the cylinder c 'is con, nected by the pipe 6 with the. forward end of the holder-controlling.cylinder.a at the gun a. The rear'part of the cylinder a as described, is connected through the pipe a to the forward .end of the cylinder a. The rear end of: the latter is connected through a pipe 6 with the forward end of a cylinder 6 which latter has its rear endconnected through the pipe 6 to, the forward end of the target controlling cylinder 6 The connections proceed in this fashion throughthe uns of the entire battery,

the'connections' tima'tely passing as indicated by the dotted ines, back .to the fore part of the cylinder 33 through thepipe e There is thus formed closed circuit of piping connecting the various cylinders mentioned in series and in such fashion that, with the system filled with oil or other liquid, movement of the piston in the main 5 controlling cylinder 0 causes an instantaneous and similar movement in the pistons of each of the individual cylinders. The sub-target holder is also providedwith a second handle at, by which theundulatory no movement may be im' arted to the holder, in

a similar fashion. T e cylinder also has piped connections I, f, f, and so on, with the undulating cylinders of the several guns in the same fashion as described with refer ence to the traversin cylinders, all of which will be readily -un erstood from Fig. -1. Therefore, it will be obvious that the ofiicer standing in the conning tower may give any movement to'the holder, regular or'irregular, which he conceives to best simulate actual conditions and cause the target-images of the entire battery to move simultaneously and harmoniously therewith as Well as the individual sub-target holders of each' gun. This movement ma be effected manually if desired, 'or' mechanically and automatically,

in one or both coiirdinate planes. 'As one mode of providing for an irregular undulatory movement through automatic means 'I- are jointed to the vertically movable rods g have shownin Fig. 1 the arm 0 attached to the link g, which latter is jointed to the lever g. The opposite ends of the lever g and g, respectively, which latter are pivotcd cccentrically tothe intermeshing gears y) and respectively. The number of teeth of thegears 96, 9'', preferably are un-' like and not multiples of each other, such for example as 47 and 41 teeth, so that when turned the connecting rods g reciprocate but in quite different time relations, the result being that-the link 9 is raised and lowcred butin quite an irregular fashion. Any suitable means for turning the gears may be employed, butI have shown herein clockwork mechanism represented conventionally at g and connected by the driving belt 97.

to rotate the gear'gat a constant rate of speed. The same clock-work mechan sm may have connection throu h the connecting rod {1* and the link 9 with a dependingv arm 9 of the holder so that a very slow and gradual reciprocation of the rod will give the progressive movement to the holder.

For efiectingrecordof the aimof the several guns upon the sub-target at the central station, the cylinders and 0 for controlling the needle thereat are connected with the needle controlling cylinders of the various guns but in a somewhat different fashion from the connections between the holder controlling cylinders. For this purpose there are provided a pair of pipe mains for each controlling cylinder, the cylinder 0" being connected at its forward end to the main h and at its rear end to the main h and the cylinder c' at its forward end to the main 71, and at its rear end to the main h. These mains run the entire length of the battery and are filled with the adopted liquid. These mains are connected at each station with the needle-controlling and the gun controlled-cylinders in substantially the same fashion. For example, at the gun a the main h is connected by the pipe h to the forward end of the gun-controlled cylinder a and the main it, through the pipe 71, with the forward end of the needle controlling cylinder'a, the rear ends of the cylinders a and a being connected by the pipe a, as previously described. The main [t is connected through the pipe '12, with the forward end of the gun-controlled cylinder a and the main it through the pipe h with the forward end of the needle controlling cylinder a", the rear ends of the two latter cylinders-being connected by the pipe a". It therefore follows that when the gun is moved in a given direction liquidis forced from 'onabr both of the gun-controlled cylinders into the corresponding needle acont-rolling cylinder or cylinders causing corresponding movement of the needle, thence into the main or mains and thence into the cylinders c" and a to move the recording needle 0? thcreat. In other words, movement ofany of the individual guns causes corresponding displacement of {the liqui from the mains to the cylinders 0", 0" 0r to the mains from the said cylinders, and these cross-sectional area of the individual cy1in-' ders at the guns, the movement impressed upon the needle-at the central station is the average of the aggregate needle movements for the several guns. It will therefore be ob- ,ous to the firing of the broad-side the needle 60 indicates the accuracy with which the av- I crage sighting is being carried on just as the individual needles 0., b andso on, indicate .u'al gun. At the time of simulated firing, record may be made upon the target at the f s P centra station, where it has connection with rest' At the given si 11511 for firing each gunner pressing his bulfi will cause record to be had not only at each individual recordin apparatus but at the central station as welll The sub-target holder for the individual guns actually requires but one operating pistonfo-r effecting the record instead of" the several pistons as represented-in Fig. 9, but ,the holder shown in 9, for the sake of simplicity, is shown of same construction as .the holder at the central station C, and provided with a plurality of recording pistons. The cylinders may be mounted to permit movement is necessary they may be mounted [upon trunnions, as the cylinder at, or connected by a jointed piston-rod as with the cylinder a. .Where the cylinder is movable as in thecase of the cylinder a, it will of course be necessary that piped connection he had to the cylinder in any suitable way, such as by means of a flexible joint. In order that each side of the piston in each cylinder inay dpresent an equal pressure area to the 1 111 tli rough the rear end of thee linder, the cylinder being suitably packed or this purose. In order to provide adjustment for the individual units of the apparatus, any suitable means maybe provided. I have herein shown, suitably located between the connected cylinders, short'stand pipes, such as If, for example, it then becomes'necessary to adjustably raise or ,lower the targetimage relatively to the position of the tarforced into one end-of the cylindera and out of the opposite end by screwing out .(or' in) a threaded plug in the end of the cylinders being preferably of the aggregate central station as follows: Each of the firas the firing pipe a, is led to the' get-holder, a small amount of liquid may be 1 gvious that during the time of sighting previ- "the accuracy of the sighting of each individone of the pockets beneath the sub-target necessary movement and where swinging the pipe is between the cylinders a and a stand pipe is, and cbrrespondingly screwing in (or out) a threaded plug in the end of the stand pipe 70', the latter being between the cylinder at and the cylinder I). By this or other similar means adjustment of any of'the individual parts of the apparatus may be'had to bring them into proper and desired relation. To provide for-the record at the central station of the aim of an individual gun-thereis also provided an auxil iary recording apparatus D, the controlling cylinders for which are of the same size as the controlling cylinders for the separate guns and have branched pipe connections with the main controlling cylinders at the however, are provided with suitable valves so that the supplementary. recording apparatus may/be shut o from the piping system while: the main recording apparatus 'is being used, or yiee versa. For example, between the piped connection f and the cyl'- inder a, there is provided the valve Z and between the piped connection and the cylinder cl there is provided the valve Z, so that K the pipe f may be placed in communication with either one of the cylinders and at the l same time shut-o inder. v i

In order to-ac'custom the gunner to keep- I ingthe target covered after the instant of ii from the remaining cylfiring, there is preferably provided means for securing a delayed record of the'a? that-is to say, means preferably are 1 vided for allowing an interval to elapse beatween the time of'simulated firing and the --actual record of the aim; so that, unless the gunner keeps the target covered during this mter'val, an imperfect record will result. Such means may be of any suitable construc-' *tion, but in the describedembodiment of the invention I have shown the liquid filled bulb a connected to the cylinder t and adapted, when squeezed, to force outward the iston t so that its piston rod strikes the atch t ,.which latter holds elevated the .weighted arm t N The arm when released tends to fall forward and cause the lug to strike, the go itappet-pin' 6- 1s connected tdmove a piston within the'cylinderj, and the cylinden has connection throughthe branched pipe t lwiththefiring plpe 'a sothat mover nejnt' of the tappet pinforces liquid through the branched pipe 6 to the firing pipe a thus 'efiectin'g record of the aim. The arm 6 however, is 'connected to the piston 'of'the' 7 2 air dash-pot Z", so that it hasa/ delayed fir-:

ing'mpvement. The interval elispslng during the fall of the arm may be regulated by regulating the "escape of air through an iopening in the dashpot the opening being 7 .controlled -by'( the valve ti. I :The recording devices for the individual adjustable 1 throttle central station. lThese piped connections,

projecting tappet pin t, f The guns may be located in any suitable position, and, if desired, may be located collectively at the conning tower where theofiice'r canthus observe, not only the average indications or record, but the indications or records of the individual guns, ,thus identiit'ying the guns where'. the least accurate sighting istaking place. v

The averaging apparatus at C, may be ,used for obtainin records or used merely as'an indicating device to 'enable theofiicer to follow the progress of the work. The,

signaling devices between the central sta-- tion and the individual guns may be of any suitablenature and are not here illustrated.

litwill be seen that the adjustment of all. individual elements of the apparatus isprovided for. The'entire apparatus may be ijre-adjusted from time to time; the otficer at ,the centralrstation first locatin the needle upon the bulls eye of the/sub-target for ,it, and, then, under proper signal, the gunne'rs at the several stations, "each adjusting lthe various .devices,-image projecting api'paratus, needle and'holder, to have a cor responding relation. m v

lit will be understood that there are pro- "vided both for the pipe, mains and the serial piping system suitable means for introducing a liquid to replace the leakage and for keeping the pipes constantly filled. 1 At the controllin station'themain recording apparatus, and the individual-re cording apparatus I) may be provided as 7 shown, each with a firing bulb, so that the oflicer there stationed may actuate the .rc- ,cording apparatus at will and independie ntly of its actuation from the individual gun stations; l 1 5 While I- have shown one. embodiment of my'igivention and one application of it only, it is to be understood thatex tensive modifiications may be made in the details of the, construction, the form and. relative arran e- 'meht "of the parts, as well as the particuliir no application which is here made of the broad principles of this invention and without deipaiting from the spirit of the invention.

Claims. I i [H "1. In an apparatusmf the class described, 'the combination with a 'un, a screen harried by said gun in front 0' the muzzle and in the line ofsight'thereof, image-projecting imeans for casting a target-imageupon the fscreen, means for imparting movementjto 20 said imag'e-proj cting means and said image 'in simulation oi themovement of a vessel, 7 ,-record1 g apparatuswcomprising a secondary target, a recording needle, .a holder in which fsaid needleis mounted for universal movement,,said holder also having a universal movement about axes intersecting substantially in the. plane of the secondary target face, connectigns between saidholder and "-saidimage projecting'means forgiving the the movement ofthe .gun and 't ereby pre- 1 ondary target a get against serves at all times the relation to the sectargct-image, andmeans for moving the tar the needle to. record the aim of the gun at theselected instant of firing.

2. In an apparatus of the class described,

5 the combination with a gun, a screen, image projecting means for casting a target image upon the screen, means for imparting move-1 ment to said image-projecting means in simulation of themovement of a vessel, recording apparatus comprising a secondary target, a recording needle, :1 holderfin which said' needle is mounted for universal movetarget-image,-

ment, said holder also having a universal movement, connections between said holder ing the holder in like proportion whereby the needle point undergoes displacement relatively to the secondary target in like proportion to the actual displacement of the connections between the gun and the needle whereby the latter i's displaced about its fulcrumto correspond to the movement of the gun, thereby preserving the same relation to the secondary target maintained by the gun and the target-image, and means for moving the target against the needle to record the aim of the gun at the selected instant of firing.

3. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, a screen in the line of a sight thereof, image-projecting means for castin a target image lapon the screen, means or imparting un ulatory movement to said projecting means in simugg lation to the movement of a vessel, a recordtween the needle-and "image-projecting apparatus 7 ative movement between the same proporing apparatus comprising a secondary target, a recording needle, ,connections bethe image-projecting apparatus and connections also between the needle and the gun whereby the needle maintains the same relation to the secondary target maintained by the gun and the' target-image, and means for movingthe target against the needle 'to record the aim of the gun.

4. In anapparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, a screen, movable image-projecting means for casting'a moigable target image upon the screen, a recording apparatus comprising a secondary target and a recording needle, connections between the recording apparatus and .the

for causing relti oned to the relative movement of theta.- t

ma ntained by thegun to the recording means. follo vvmg' t and said image-projecting means .for mov -i the line of transmitting A target, means, including "from the g the movements of the gun.

get-image,-connections also for causingrrel- 'ative movementproportionate, to the movement ofthe gun, and 'means for causing record of the gun target; a a

5. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, a screen, movable image-projecting-means for casting a movable target image up'n the screen, a recording apparatus comprising a secondary aim upon' the secondary v in target and arecording-memben means to g cause relatlve movement between the same proportionate to the movement of the image,

means to cause an additional relative move-' ment proportionate to the deflection of the gun sight, and means to cause record of the gun aim upon the secondary target at the selected instant offiring.

6. In an apparatus of the combination with a gun, image-.prmect-r ing means for resentinga movable targetimage to the ine ,of gun si ht, separate e combined movement of the gun and the imagefland means for efi'ecting record of the aim thereat. ,7. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, image-projecta ing means for presenting a movable target.- image w'ithin the line of 'gun sight, and means for recording the mm of the gun the'reat. Q

8 In an'apparatusbf the class described, the combination with, a gun, an image-projecting ap arat-us for. presenting a targetimage wlt in the line of gun sight, and

the class described,

means for movmg sa d image-projecting means to give an, undulatory movement to) the target image.

9. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, image-projecting means for presenting, a target-image-in n si ht, aim recording means movable in ependently of the gun, and

means for progressively moving said target image. v w

10. In an apparatus of'the class described, the combination with a gun, means for presenting a movable image within :the'line of gun si ht, aim recor 'ng means movable independently of the gun, and means for the target movement'to the recordin means, v

11. n an apparatusof the class described, the combination with a gun of a movable.-

an independently movable following device, relative movement of the un and target, and means associated with t e gun and target to impart movement to the movement reproducing means.

12; In an apparatus of the class described, the combination ,with a gun,

get, and an aim recording apparatus apart.

to reproducethe a a movable tar- 13. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, means for presenting atarget within the range of gun sight, and means automatically to impart a 5 combined'undulatory and progressive movement to the target. 14. In an apparatus of the class described,

thecombinatlon with a gun, means for presenting a target Within the gun sight, and means mechanically to impart an irregular undulatory movement to the target. 15. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination witha gun, means for pre-\ senting a movable target within the 'line of gun sight, and a separately movable follower connected to have a movement like that of the gun. a 1 K I 16. In an apparatus of the class described,

the combinatlonwith; an aiming device, a' movable follower and liquid-power transmitting ,means for transmitting movement of the gun to the follower. p 0 p a a f 17. In anapparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, a follower, power transmitting connections between the separate power transmittin-g eonriections between the same for transmitting movements :of the gun in a-plane at right angles thereto, 18. In an apparatus of'the class descr1bed, the'combination with a movable gun, means for presentinga movable target within the range of gun sight, a-nd a follower for following the aim oft-he. gun,- having also a movement proportioned to the movement of thetarget. ,.19. Inan apparatus of, the classdescribed, the combination with a gun, a movable target, and separately supported recording means having a .movemenofollowing the movement of the target. i g V D 20 In an apparatus of the class described,

able recording members connected to follow r the relative movement between 'the target andthe-gunL 'I m 1 so 21,. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination withga guma movable tarn'd arecordlng apparatus for get t ereitor, recor ing the aim" of the gunbomprisinga wsecondarytargeala IECQI'dll'l needle having -a fulcrum support about w ion the needle point'isadapted to. move" over the face of the target, connectionsrbetween'thegun and Q the needle" t -cauSe the latter to follow the A deflections of the line of "gun sight, and means for moving the needle fulcrum to "cause further relativemovement of the needle and the "secondary target in proportion to the movement of the main target.

722In an apparatus of the class described, o5the combination with a gun, a fulcrumed gun and the follower for transmitting movewments ofthe gun'thereto in one plane, and

the combination with amovable gun, a mov-- able target and arecording apparatus hav 32. In a target practice follower, its fulcrum, a reference object, and

means responsive to displacements in the line of sight relatively to the object aimed at for moving both the fulcrum and the follower upon its fulcrum to cause the follower to follow theline of sight with relation to -'a reference object.

23. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, a movable target, a fulcrumed follower, means for moving ately to the deflection of the line of gun sight, and means for moving the follower fulcrum proportionatelyto the movement of the target. i

. 24, In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a 'gun, a, fulcrumed follower, a universally movable support/for the follower fulcrum-and means for moving the support in response to displacements of the line of sight relatively to the object aimed at. r

25. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun susceptible ofan aim fixing movement of a relatively movable target, and'relatively remote recording mea-ns'operatively connected to butapart from the gun for recording the aimthereof without the issuance of a projectile. t a 26. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun suspectible of an aiming movement of a target and irela tively remote recording means operatively? connected to but apart fromthe gun forfe- I cording the aim thereof without the issuance 6 of a projectile.

27. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with a gun, a relatively re-- J mote follower apart from this gun, and

the follower upon its fulcrum proportiontov means for transmitting the proportionate 1 movement ofthe gun to thefollower. 7 ,28. In a target practice apparatus, the combination with a plurality of aiming devicespand means for recordingthe average aim thereof withont; the issuance of a pro-i .je'ctilei 4 I 29,111 a target practice apparatus, the combination with a plurality'of aiming de- -vices, and means-for recordingthe aim thereof upon asin'gle record. a

30. .In a target practice: apparatus, the combination with a plurality of guns, of a r broad-side indicating apparatus connected to'beactuated by s a-id guns. w i

1. a targeti zvpractice. apparatus, the

combination withi i'a pluralitjrjof guns, of aim rec'ordingmeans comprising a following. marker anda secondary target, and means actuated :by the combined aiming movements of said guns ti; cause relative move-5125 ment be'tween said; marker and secondary target.

ap aratus, the f combination with a plurality o aiming devices, of aim recording means connected to 13ocombination with a plurality o said, guns a plurality of movable targets aim of. said guns.

age aim thereof.

having like and proportionate movements.

combination with a 'pluralit-y of guns, a target for each of said guns, means for sunultan'eously moving said targets proportion atcly, and means for indicating the average 36.,In a target practice apparatus, the combination with a plurality of aimingdevices and means. for recording the average aim of said aiming devices and also for re-" cording the individual aim thereof.

' 37. In a' target practice apparatus, the

combination with plurality of aiming de-- yices of a plurality of guns, redording means associated with each gun to record. the aim thereof, 'and'recording means commonto the several gunsto record the aver 88. In a target practice apparatus, the combination with a plurality of aiming devices, target moving meansfor each aiming device, and liquid power transmission for each aiming device, and liquid power transmission neans between said target moving means; k v

39I'In a target practice apparatus, the combination witha plurality of guns, movable targets for said guns, means for simultaneously controlling the movements of said targets, and a common recording station for IQCOIdlIlgll'lQ aim of'sald several guns. 40. In a target practice apparatus, the

combination of recording devices for a plua delayed record of each of the devices;

41. In a target practice apparatus, the combination with a plurality ofguns, recording devices for recording the aim of each gun, harmoniohsly movable tar et-ap-- paratus for each gun, and means or adjusting the recording devices and target apparatus tor the several guns to corresponding positions.

;42.' In a target practiceapparatus, the

combination" with a recording follower adapted to undergo movementwith the gun, a target upon whichthe. record ismade and, fluid pressure actuated means .for 'efi'ect-ing record upon the target.

" 4-3. In an a paratus'of'the class described, I'the combination with an aiming dev1ce' ,a

target holder, a marker for recording the aim, means Jorcausing the movement of said aiming device to be followed by corresponding movement between the marker andv 35$,In a-target practice apparatus, the

the target holder, fluid pressure means for forcing the marker and target into engagenient, a pressure pipe leadlng therefrom to the aimingdevice, and means within the.

control of the gunner for actuating the pressure recording means. 44. In an apparatus of the class described,

the combination with an aiming device,'a.

follower, and means for transmitting to the follower the movement of the aimlng ddvicei in two coordinate planes, said means comprising a controlled pressure cyl nder and piston op'erativelyv related to the aiming T 45. In a target practice apparatus,- the combination of a movable follower, a con trolling device therefor and meanst'or transmitting the pmovements of the controlling device to the follower; said means comprising a coortiinate arrangement of pressure cylinders and pistons.

46. In an apparatus of the classdescribed,

the combination with a plurality of guns, of i recording apparatus for recording the aim thereof, and pressure actuated means associated with each gun for actuating therecording apparatus. r

47. In an apparatus of the class described,

the combination with a plurality of guns,

of broadside recording apparatus adapted to be actuated by said guns and piping connections leading from the recording apparatus to the guns for effecting the record of the aim.

{18. In a target practice apparatus, the cdmbination-with a plurality of aiming devices, of'means for presenting at each gun a movable target within therange of'gun sight' serially connected means for harmoniously moving said targets. rality of guns, and means for providing for r 49. In a target practice apparatus, in combination with a plurality of'aiming devices,

a central recording apparatus and branched connecting means leading from said record means for moving said target, recording apparatus-comprisinga secondary target, a recording needle, a holder in which said needle is mounted for universal movement, said holder alsov having a universal movement about axes. intersecting inthe plane of the secondary target-fac sneans for giving the vholider a movement proportionate to they movement 0f the main target whereby the needle pointtends to dis lacement relatively to the secondary target in like proportion to the actual displacement of the main target;

means for .inoving the needle proportionately to the movement of the gun'and means for causing the needle toefi'ect a record upon the secondary target. 1

51., In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with an aiming device of aim fixing means, means for moving the aimfixing means, a recording apparatus comprising a secondary target, a recording .needle and connections between'the recording apparatus and v the aiming device and also between the recording apparatusv and the aim fixing means whereby the aimof the aiming device is reproduced through the relation of the needle to the secondary target.

52. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with an aiming device of aim fixingmeans, means for moving'the latter, a recording apparatus comprising a secondarytarget, a recording needle, connections between the needle and-the aim fixing means," and conn'ections'also between the needle andthe aiming device whereby the I aim of the latter is reproduced by the relation of the needle to the secondary target.

In an apparatus of the class described, the combination withcan aiming device of aim fixing means, ,means for movipg the same, a recording apparatus comprlsing a secondary target, a recording needle and connections between the recording apparatus and the aim fixing means causing relative ,movement between parts of the recording apparatus proportionate to the relative movement of the aim fixing means, connechome also for causing relative movement proportionate to the movement of theaiming device and means for causing the record of the aim upon the secondary'target 54 The combination of a. movable aiming device of a target and means for moving the .Ttarget, recording means comprising .a sec- "ondary target anda recording member, and

of two subscribing witnesses weaves means for maintaining the 'samerelation between the secondary target'and the rec'ording member as is maintained between the "aiming device and the main target. J

55. The combination with an aiming .de-

vice of a target, means for moving the latter, a recording apparatus comprising a s'econdmy target and a recording member, means to cause relative movement between the same pr'oportionate to the movement "of the target, means to cause an additional relative movement proportionate to the deflection of the aiming device, and means to efl ect arecord of the aim upon the secondary target;

56. In an apparatus of the class described, the combination with an aiming device, means of presenting a target within the range of said aiming device, means automaticallyto impart a movement to said target, an aim recording means including a secondary target and a recording member and means to impagt relative movement to the same responsive to the'movement of the" main target. v

57. The combination with a movable aim, ing device of means for presenting a target within the range thereof, means for moving, said target, and recording means including QHENRY H. CUMMINGS,

Witnesses:

Traci/[As B'Boo'na, A Rosana KAMMLER. 

